Early research focused on coupling multi-dimensional partial models into multidisciplinary integration models. Building on this, the focus was extended to the direct integration of simulation tools. Through native tool integration, users can not only couple model interfaces but also leverage tool-specific functions, parameters, solvers, and automation mechanisms. This enables a deeper level of integration than purely model-based exchange formats.

Research into non-iterative co-simulation investigated how simulation models can be coupled efficiently without relying on iterative calculations within a single time step. This approach was complemented by energy-based compensation methods such as NEPCE (Nearly Energy Preserving Coupling Element), which actively compensate for the energy error introduced by the coupling, thereby enhancing stability, accuracy, and physical consistency.

The development of model-based coupling approaches for real-time co-simulation extended the research to time-critical simulation applications. Building on these insights, ICOS enables seamless integration of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) systems, electronic control units (ECUs), and test benches. As a result, virtual models and real components can be validated and tested within a unified simulation environment.

Research into model-based pre-step stabilization addressed the stability of non-iterative co-simulation methods, complementing existing methodological approaches. The goal is robust and reliable coupling, even for strongly coupled and dynamic systems.

Automated configuration of coupling mechanisms represents a further step toward efficient, user-friendly co-simulation workflows. This reduces integration effort and sources of error, allowing complex simulation environments to be set up more quickly.